Metabolic rate, defined as the rate of energy expenditure, is influenced by a variety of biotic and abiotic factors, including food availability, life history strategies, and environmental temperature. Oxygen consumption is a commonly used method to quantify the metabolic rate of marine organisms. By measuring different components of metabolism\u2014such as resting metabolic rate (RMR), standard metabolic rate (SMR), and maximum metabolic rate (MMR)\u2014we can estimate critical thermal limits (upper and lower lethal temperatures), thermal sensitivity (the rate of metabolic change per \u00b0C), and optimal temperature (the most favorable temperature for physiological performance) in laboratory-controlled experiments. However, these metabolic measurements reflect only a snapshot of an organism\u2019s condition under controlled settings and do not capture the full spectrum of energy expenditure associated with behavioural and physiological responses in wild, free-ranging individuals. Field metabolic rate (FMR), which represents the actual energy use in natural environments, is notoriously difficult to measure in wild animals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n